EXAMPLES CAUSE AND EFFECT

    Indra        : hay iin. . 

     Iin            : hy too

     Indra        : do you have a lot of free time?  

     Iin            : yes, what is it?

     Indra        : I want to ask chemistry lessons about acids and bases, because I do not understand much         about them either

    Iin            : ok, just please, as I know then I will reply.

    Indra        : when acid and base are reacted there will be a neutralizing reaction of the substance                whether it will be formed?

    Iin            : of course the reaction result is salt and water.

    Indra        : so salt and water to be formed, So it is.

    Indra        : then when the blue and blue litmus are input into the acid or base solution how does it            change?

    Iin            : the blue lacmus will turn red when input to the acid solution, but the red litmus remains.          While the red litmus will turn to blue when inserted into the alkaline solution, but the blue         lacquer remains.

   Indra        : ok now I understand, trimaksih iin for his explanation.

    Iin            : thanks again senses

NARRATIVE

NARRATIVE ABOUT ACID AND BASE

Mr indra:    good morning student, are you ready to study today?

All student:  ready sir

Mr indra:    ok, today we will learn acid and alkaline, anyone know what is sour and what is alkaline?

Viki:           Acid (which is often represented by the general formula HA) is a chemical compound which when dissolved in water will result in a solution with a pH less than 7. In the modern definition, acid is a substance that can give protons (H + ions) to a substance Another (called a base), or may accept a free electron pair from a bass

Mr indra:    ok good job, so essentially acts as a donor, while basa as receiver.

Mr indra:    anyone knows the taste of acids and bases? And give examples of ases in daily life? Anyone knows?

Uul:            i know pak, the acid has a sour taste while the base has bitter taste, the example of the acid is vinegar while the base is soap.

Mr indra:    extraordinary answer, exactly answer. The acid is divided into two strong acids and weak acids, as well as the base there is a strong base and a weak base.

Ferdi:          I would like to ask sir, how if acid and base in react what will happen?

Mr indra:    The acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction involving acid reagents and alkaline reagents that produce water and salts. The acid reagents used can be either strong or weakly acid. Likewise with basic reagents used can be strong bases and weak bases.

If the strong acid is reacted with a strong base it will produce a neutral salt, with pH = 7. If the strong acid is reacted with a weak base it will produce a salt with acidic properties. If the weak acid is reacted with a strong base it will produce a salt with alkaline properties. If the weak acid is reacted with a weak base it will produce a salt with properties that depend on both ka and kb values.

An example of an acid-base reaction is a reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide which, when reacted, will produce sodium acetate and water.

Mr indra:    ok, maybe this is just what we pljari today, do not forget to deepen again at home, until meet at next meeting , see you later.

All student: see you too sir

GIVE EVIDANCE

Chemistry in everyday life

Speaking of chemistry, unwittingly or not in fact in everyday life man is surrounded by chemistry. There are so many chemistry-related things in everyday human life, from food, clothing, fuel, medicine, building materials, industrial materials, and products involving chemistry. Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the properties, structure, composition, and change of matter. Chemistry is closely related to everyday human life.

In addition, chemistry is a stepping stone in order to learn other science. Like, we must understand about atoms in chemistry in order to understand the magnetic force in physics. Or, we can not learn about photosynthesis in biology if we do not understand the basic reactions involved.

Most people misunderstand chemistry, this needs to be straightened out. They assume that chemistry exists only in the laboratory, chemistry is only in the diet. Though experts believe that everything in Nature is chemistry.

At this time, chemistry has been growing rapidly and taking a huge share of human life. Chemistry has produced products that are very beneficial for human survival, such as in clothing, food, medicine, electronics industry and others, now most do not get it directly from nature, but processing or synthesis by using chemistry. The following are some of the roles of chemistry in everyday life.

1. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Law
Chemistry in the field of law plays a role in proving the Case of Law, for example:
~ Someone mixed kerosene into petrol and then traded. To determine whether the gasoline was mixed with kerosene, laboratory tests were conducted.
~ Found corpses cut into pieces so unrecognizable. To ascertain who the murdered person should test his DNA.
~ To make sure a rider has been drinking alcohol beyond the specified limit or not. Namely inserted a device into the mouth of the rider to perform breath analysis.
2. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Medicine
Chemistry is needed to cope with various cases, such as medical tests, laboratories, making blood-purifying devices, manufacturing bone-substitution synthesis, teeth, and the manufacture of medicines.
~ Chemical analyzes in hospital laboratories use chemicals to check for infections in blood samples.
~ Use of certain chemicals to detect the presence or absence of HIV virus in the blood.

3. The Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Forensic Science
Forensic scientists use chemicals to solve criminal problems. Chemicals used include cyanoacrylate, silver chloride, and ninhydrin.
14. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Archeology
~ Determination of fossil age is usually done today is one of the results of the application of Chemistry. The fossils found can be determined by age with radiosotopes of carbon-14.

4. Benefits of Chemistry in Agriculture
In modern agriculture today, farmers have used fertilizers and pesticides. In order to stimulate the growth of roots, stems, and leaves and improve the quality and number of results more. Fertilizer is an inorganic chemical compound found in nature or made by humans that have direct or indirect nutrient value for the plant.
           Pesticide use is sufficient to destroy pests and increase the production of plants quickly. On the other hand, excessive use of pesticides can disrupt the balance of ecosystems can also be harmful to the health of the human body.

5. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Food
In the field of food, Chemistry is a tool to improve the quality and supply of food with various uses of additives and preservatives and the use of microorganisms or bacteria in food. For example: making soy sauce, tempe making, and making yogurt.

6. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Geology
The field of geology deals with the research of rocks (minerals), gas mining, and petroleum. The process of determining the elements that make up the mineral and the preliminary stage for exploration using the basics of Chemistry. The benefits of Chemistry in this field are to help understand and understand the researchers' findings about rocks or natural objects.

7. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Machinery
Studying the properties and composition of metal are good for machine making, studying the nature, composition of fuel, and engine oil. Those are the benefits of Chemistry in the field of machinery.

8. Benefits of Chemistry in Civil Engineering
The materials used in this field are cement, wood, paint, nails, iron, paralon (PVC pipe), glue, and so on. All these materials are produced through research based on Chemistry.
The benefits of Chemistry in the field of civil engineering is that the building materials can be known advantages and disadvantages. So as to minimize accidents in the future.

9. Benefits of Chemistry in Biology
Biology is the study of the special thing about living things. Chemical processes that take place in living things include digestion of food, breathing, metabolism, photosynthesis, and others. To learn this, knowledge of the structure and properties of existing compounds, such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, enzymes, is needed. Although in general this is more closely related to the Science of Biology, but the benefits of Chemistry also in fact a little more influential in the field of biology.

10. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Textiles
In the field of textiles, plant extracts are used to dye clothes. For example temulawak has a curcumin dye that can be used as a viscose rayon dye.

11. Benefits of Chemistry in Science and Technology (Science and Technology)
~ With the Chemistry produced microchips from silicon metal with high quality so that the computer can store a lot of data and process data quickly.
~ The creation of a nuclear power plant, a powerful new energy source which in principle uses both the theory of solving and combining atoms. Often called fission reactions and fusion reactions.

12. The Benefits of Chemistry in Physics
In the field of physics, Chemistry is used to help the discovery of new materials in the field of electricity (semiconductor), magnet.

13. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Arts
The chemical industry produces paint to embellish a material or a building. Chemicals present in wall paints include calcium carbonate, titanium dioxidapolivinyl, acrylic, water.

14. Benefits of Chemistry in the Field of Archeology
~ Determination of fossil age is usually done today is one of the results of the application of Chemistry. The fossils found can be determined by age with radiosotopes of carbon-14.

vocabulary chemistry

VOCABULARY CHEMISTRY

A

N0	English	Indonesia
1.	system	sistem
2.	Science	Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
3.	chemical	kimia
4.	Unit	Satuan
5.	Acid	Asam
6.	Alkali	Basa
7.	Compound	Campuran
8.	Atom	Atom
9.	Substance	Zat
10.	Liquid	Cair
11.	Solid	Padat
12.	Gas	Gas
13.	Sublimate	Menyublim
14.	Freeze	Membeku
15.	Molten	Mencair
16.	Evaporate	Menguap
17.	Coeficient	Koefisien
18.	Heat	Kalor
19.	Stress	Tekanan
20.	Experiment	Eksperimen
21.	Hormone	Hormon
22.	Temperature	Suhu
23.	Effort	Usaha
24.	a	Tekanan
25	Structure	Struktur
26.	Waste	Limbah
27.	Polution	Polusi
28.	Measure	Mengukur
29.	Count	Menghitung
30.	Clasification	Klasifikasi
31.	Theory	Teori
32.	Hypothesis	Hipotesa
33.	Bond	Ikatan
34.	Electrons	Elektron
35.	Energy	Energi
36.	Element	Elemen
37.	Light	Cahaya
38.	Magnet	Magnet
39.	Metal	Logam
40.	Mollecul	Molekul

article chemistry REACTION RATE

REACTION RATE

A.    ENERGY OF ACTIVATION

      Why are some chemical reactions going through lightning fast while others take days, months and even years to produce enough products? How can a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Why do small temperature changes often have a big effect on cooking rate? How does the study of the rate of chemical reactions provide information about how molecules combine to form products? All of these questions concern chemical kinetics as yet incomplete as thermodynamics. There are still many reactions whose equilibrium constants are well-known, but the details of the reaction path are still not understood. This is especially true for reactions involving many of the reactant elements that make up the product.

You have previously known that the reaction rate is influenced by several factors including, concentration, temperature, surface area and catalyst. What causes this factor can affect the rate of the reaction. One of the famous theories to explain it is known as "The Collision Theory". In this theory, chemical reactions are the result of collisions between reacting particles. However, not every collision between particles causes a reaction. In order for the reaction, each particle must have a very large kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is used to break old bonds to form new bonds.

The minimum kinetic energy required by the reactant substances particles (reactants) to react to form an activated complex is called activation energy (Ea). This activation energy was first proposed, Svante Arrhenius. The relationship between the activation energy and the reaction rate is described as the curve:

  The relationship between the rate of reaction and the course of a reaction can be analogous to the process of pushing the car from one place to another through the ascending and descending path. When the car is pushed up to the X mark, then the driver can no longer afford it then the car goes down again. The car does not make it past the peak and does not reach B. It is analogous to a collision event that has less kinetic energy than Ea (not up to peak). In order for the car to arrive at B, the car must be pushed minimum to the top so that the car can reach B without being pushed. The amount of energy required to push the car to peak is analogous to the energies of activation

                    

   RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORETICAL THEORIES AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE REACTION

To speed up the rate of reaction there are two ways that can be done, namely enlarge the kinetic energy of molecules or lower the price Ea. Both ways are intended to make more and more molecules have the same or more energy of activation energy so that more and more collisions. This activation energy can explain why the concentration, temperature, surface area and catalyst can affect the rate of reaction

                           

1.     Temperature

In general, the reaction will take place more quickly when the temperature is raised. With Raising the temperature then the kinetic energy of the reacting molecules will Increases so that more molecules will have energy equal to or greater than Ea. Thus more molecules can reach the transition state or in other words the reaction rate becomes larger. Mathematically the relationship between the value of the reaction rate constant (k) to temperature is expressed by the formulation

2. Concentration

A substance that reacts has different concentrations. The concentration states the influence of concentration or substances that play a role in the reaction process. The greater the concentration, the faster the reaction rate. This is because a large concentration of substances contain more number of particles, so that the particles are denser more dense than the low concentration of the substance. Particles that are more tightly arranged, will often collide compared with the tenuous particles, so the possibility of reaction is getting bigger. (Utami, 2009)

3.    Catalysis

catalysis is an event of increased reaction rate as a result of the addition of a catalyst. Although the catalyst decreases the activation energy, it does not affect the energy difference between the product and the reagents. In other words, the use of a catalyst will not alter the enthalpy of the reaction.

4.    Surface area

The larger the surface area then the chances of colliding, the higher the collision, the faster the reaction rate. Expanding the surface area here is the overall surface area not per particles. Consider the following illustration:   Catalyst The catalyst is a substance that can speed up a reaction but does not undergo a permanent chemical change, so that at the end of the reaction the substance can be recovered. The catalyst accelerates the reaction by lowering the activation energy (Ea) price.